Resumo O ensaio bibliográfico responde à seguinte pergunta: quais são as contribuições e implicações da incorporação da abordagem de Goffman – e, particularmente, do seu conceito de enquadramento interpretativo – para o estudo da ação coletiva e, mais especificamente, dos movimentos sociais? O foco recai sobre a apresentação e a análise da pertinência e fertilidade dos conceitos de enquadramento interpretativo/molduras interpretativas para a pesquisa empírica sobre movimentos sociais. Para atingir o objetivo indicado acima, o manuscrito se estrutura da seguinte forma: a primeira seção resgata as principais características das formulações originais de Goffman sobre molduras interpretativas; a segunda seção descreve como o conceito de molduras interpretativas foi apropriado por pesquisadores de movimentos sociais; a terceira aborda as principais elaborações teóricas desenvolvidas em torno do conceito de molduras interpretativas na literatura de movimentos sociais; a quarta destaca alguns pontos de crítica a esta abordagem que apontam para futuros desenvolvimentos; por fim, as considerações finais apontam algumas potencialidades analíticas da abordagem das molduras interpretativas para a literatura brasileira de movimentos sociais. O texto conclui que a abordagem dos enquadramentos/molduras interpretativas, central na literatura internacional sobre movimentos sociais, oferece férteis instrumentos teóricos para os pesquisadores brasileiros avançarem na identificação e análise de mecanismos e processos explicativos dos movimentos sociais

Abstract This bibliographic essay aims to answer de following question: Which are the contributions and implications derived from the use of Goffman’s approach - particularly, his concepts of Framing/Frame - in the study of collective action and, more specifically, social movements? So it is a theoretical article that focuses on presenting and analyzing the pertinence and productivity of the concepts of Framing/Frame to the empirical research on social movements. To reach this objective, the manuscript is structured as follow: the first section recovers the main characteristics of Goffman’s original ideas on frames; the second section describes how the concept of frames was incorporated by social movements scholars; the third section addresses the main theoretical arguments developed around the concept of frames in social movements literature; the fourth section highlights some criticisms to the frames approach that points to future developments; lastly the final considerations points some analytical contributions of frames approach to the Brazilian literature on social movements. The conclusion is that frames approach, that occupy a central position in the international literature on social movements, offers prolific theoretical instruments to the Brazilian scholars advancing in the identification and analysis of the explanatory mechanisms and processes of social movements.

No presente artigo, examinamos a polissemia do termo "sistema" na Sociologia, com o propósito de demonstrar que o processo comunicacional, inescapável na prática científica, se fragiliza e, por vezes, se impossibilita se os termos empregados forem tomados fora das orientações teóricas e epistemológicas do autor. Acreditamos que a polissemia, fenômeno de ocorrência habitual na vida cotidiana, tem seus efeitos negativos amplificados quando se trata de termos que, no contexto argumentativo, possuem status de conceito. O emprego da palavra não garante por si só o compartilhamento intersubjetivo de significados, podendo ocorrer a produção de significados não desejada por aqueles que buscam se comunicar. Por outro lado, buscar um significado unívoco, sem ambiguidades e sem polissemias, para termos que operam abstrações significativas nas Ciências Sociais nos parece improvável, senão impossível.

In this article, we examine the polysemy of the term "system" in Sociology, with the purpose of showing that the communication process, inescapable in scientific practice, weakens and, sometimes is even impeded, if the terms employed are taken out of the theoretical and epistemological orientations of the author. We believe that polysemy, a phenomenon of habitual occurrence in everyday life, has its negative effects amplified when considered in relation to terms that, in the argumentative context, have the status of concepts. The use of a word does not, in itself, guarantee intersubjective sharing of its meaning and might result in the production of meanings which were not intended by those who seek to communicate. On the other hand, the search for a univocal, unambiguous, clear-cut meaning for terms that operate significant abstractions in the Social Sciences seems unlikely, if not impossible.

Dans cet article, nous examinons la polysémie du terme "système" en Sociologie, afin de démontrer que le processus de communication, incontournable dans la pratique scientifique, affaiblit et devient même impossible si les termes employés ne s'inscrivent pas dans le cadre des orientations théoriques et épistémologiques de l'auteur. Nous croyons que la polysémie, ce phénomène habituel dans la vie quotidienne, a ses effets négatifs amplifiés lorsque les termes ont, dans le contexte argumentatif, un statut de concept. L'emploi du mot n'assure pas en lui-même le partage intersubjectif de sens, il est donc susceptible de produire des sens non souhaités par ceux qui cherchent à se communiquer. De l'autre côté, il nous semble improbable, voire impossible, de chercher un sens univoque, sans ambiguïté et sans polysémie à des termes qui opè...

This paper addresses John Thomas Dunlop's Industrial Relations Systems,a book that has exerted enormous influence on research concerning employment relations in the Anglo-American industrial relations tradition in the last 50 years. Following a note on the author and commentary on the academic context in which the book emerged, the paper revisits "employment relations system" as a key concept and presents the elements of such a system according to Dunlop's analytical framework. Two brief sections complete the paper, one inquiring into the lack of references to Dunlop by Brazilian researchers and the other drawing some essential lessons from the book.

Dans cet article, on présente l'oeuvre Industrial Relations Systems, de John Thomas Dunlop, publiée en 1958, qui a exercé une grande influence dans l'étude des relations du travail dans l'industrie selon la tradition anglo-américaine des Industrial relations au long des 50 dernières années. Outre une note biographique sur l'auteur et la présentation du cadre universitaire à l'origine de l'ouvrage, dans cet article on réexamine le concept-clé de système des relations du travail dans l'industrie tout en présentant les éléments qui composent ce système en accord avec le caractère analytique de Dunlop. Deux brèves sections complètent l'article: l'une sur les raisons de l'absence de Dunlop au Brésil, et l'autre tirant quelques leçons du livre.

The article analyzes trade union action that seeks to influence processes of technological and organizational innovation in companies in Brazil. The System for Monitoring Collective Bargaining, under the Inter-Union Department of Statistics and Economic Studies (SACC-Dieese), was used to analyze collective bargaining clauses (1990- 2005) that deal with innovative processes. Interviews were held with leaders of unions belonging to the SACC-Dieese, seeking to understand what actually occurred following formal agreement to the clauses. We observed that the agreed-upon terms were not enforced in practice, revealing that the trade unions' influence in innovative processes was merely "apparent". The article seeks to demonstrate that the limited success of Brazilian trade unions in affecting technological and organizational innovations has been due not only to external constraints, but also to the unions' own limitations in formulating and interacting with technical and organizational changes.

Dans cet article, on étudie l'action syndicale qui cherche à influencer les processus d'innovation technologique et organisationnelle dans les entreprises. À partir du Système d'Accompagnement des Contrats Collectifs (SACC-Dieese), on a examiné le contenu des clauses et des accords et/ou des conventions collectives qui incident sur les processus d'innovation concernant la période 1990-2005. On a eu des entretiens avec des dirigeants des groupes qui forment le SACC-Dieese afin de savoir les résultats de l'application de ces contrats: ils semblent avoir été peu tangibles puisque l'influence syndicale n'a été qu'"illusoire". On voit que le succès relatif des syndicats dans leur influence sur les innovations technologiques et organisationnelles vient non seulement des contraintes extérieures mais de leurs propres limites d'expression et d'interaction face aux changements techno-organisationnels.